Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada Research Paper - 2

Regional rapture Commission of Southern Nevada - Research Paper ExampleIt deals with the issues concerning its organizational culture that encourages excellence by screen itself from a nefarious effect of political influence which can negatively affect its organizational objectives of providing an cost-effective transport system for the portions macrocosm not only today but fifty years from now. It had espouse transparency in all its transactions with the publication of all relevant data and information on its Web site regarding its activities, agenda and future plans so that all the agencys community investments are maximized. The paper similarly gives a brief background on the dynamic region of Confederate Nevada and how the RTCSN plays an important part in its vital transformation. The agency is well managed as an empowered organization through its internal advocacy (like re-organization) and impertinent advocacy (in cases like plans for transport systems such as building new roads) to minimize traffic congestion and future transport challenges. Introduction The region of southern Nevada includes the five counties of Clark, Esmeralda, Nye, Mineral, and Lincoln this is incidentally also the region where the majority of the states population live due to the rest of the state being an inhabitable desert. This region encompasses the Las Vegas vale and the region is a major educational center of the area. Moreover, most of its economy is based on the tourism-related industries of manoeuvre (gambling), leisure, vacation (senior retirees), hotel, hospitality, and travel. This means there is a lot of movement deep down this region, which is a reason for initiation of the Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada (RTCSN) to regulate and plan all the transport-related concerns of this region with regards to this sudden population expansion due to the influx of tourists (both local and foreign), migrants (temporary workers seeking jobs, mostly i n construction) and those potential retirees attracted by the unassailable climate, no state taxes and nature attractions at Lake Tahoe. It is estimated Nevada entices some five million visitors annually with revenues of about US$ 6 billion (Leong, 2008, p. 2). Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada is the agency mandated by state and federal official governments for maintaining a continuing, cooperative and comprehensive (3C) transportation planning process. The RTCSN has been re-named (in 1981) as the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for southern Nevada in view of its expanded responsibilities. This new agency has to operate using the same modern precaution tools used in all big corporations and is the subject or topic of this paper. Among other things, it has to operate within budgets, use organizational skills to attract the best-qualified people to its ranks and obtain the cooperation of the riding public to achieve its goals of efficiency and sustainab ility (RTCSN, 2012, p. 1). word The RTCSN has to be operated like any private enterprise in order to maximize all the resources minded(p) to it and achieve its mission of sustainability such as maintaining the air quality through encouragement of Club rebound Commuter Services that promotes walking, biking, pooling of cars and vans, and in the use of the mass transit system, which it operates and carries about 64 million passengers per year.

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age Essay

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information engine room Age - Essay Exampleanother(prenominal) engine room is the RFID tags. This stands for radio frequency identification and it involves the use of electronic magnets for purposes of tracking and identification of objects attached to the RFID tags. These tags have the capability of storing education in an electronic manner, and these data are read by using magnetic fields. A researcher chamberpot access the data of an soul without his or her knowledge by use of these RFID tags (Keizer, 2012). This is because the tags can be implanted within individuals, and this increases the possibility of education private information of an individual without their consent. The use of these tags has raised privacy concerns in United States of America. Having knowledge of such technology has its advantages and disadvantages. One advantage that the public has if they know this kind of information is that they will take measures of protect their privacy. For instance, people wont just provide their DNA details, names and addresses without confirming on wherefore this persona of information is required. This is in respect to the use of biometric technology in conducting a search for an individual. Another advantage is that the public would seek various measures of complaining to the authorities in case their privacy is get arounded. For instances, marketers can use the cloud computing technology to identify the consumption habits of individuals, and thereafter develop marketing programs that meditate their consumption habits. This usu all(prenominal)y involves perusing through the personal information of individuals without their consent. This practice is unethical, and needs to be condemned (Smith,... fit in to the reportthe cloud computing technology involves a subscription based consumption of technological services. In this type of technology, the software and hardware systems of a computer system are deliver ed through the internet. This type of computer technology involves the design of a cloud that can enable a computer user to focus on what he or she is looking for. On this basis, the user does not need to worry about where the information he or she is looking for is stored.As the paper discusses according to the act, the federal government has the authority to monitor all the computer system used by suspected terrorists, and compels all banking institutions, telecom organization, and libraries to provide tangible information regarding a suspected terrorist. This should be done without their knowledge and consent. In my own opinion, this law is uncalled for, and a breach to the constitutional rights of individuals contained in the due process clause of the 14th amendment, which protects the right of privacy. This law also breaks the provender contained in the fourth amendment of the American constitution, which guarantees the right of an individual against illegal searches and seizu re. For instance, in Katz vs. United States, the Supreme hail denoted that the use of technology in eavesdropping on an individuals private communication amounts to an illegal search, and it is consequently unconstitutional.

Signal Processing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Signal Processing - Research Paper manakinOne of these digital signal processing techniques is accommodative clicking. Adaptive Filters Haykin (2006) defines an adaptative filter as a outline which is self-designing and reliant on a recursive algorithm for its operation. This feature enables an adaptive to satisfactorily transact in an environment where there is scarce or no knowledge of the applicable statistics. Diniz & Netto (2002) observe that an adaptive filter is used when either the fixed specifications be not known, or these specifications cannot be met by filters which atomic number 18 time-invariant. Adaptive filters characteristics depend on the input signal and such filters are time-varying because their parameters continu totallyy change so as to satisfy a performance requirement. The two main groups of adaptive filters are linear and nonlinear. According to Stearns & Widrow (1985), linear adaptive filters calculate an approximation of the desired response by uti lizing a linear permutation of the available group of observables that are applied to the filters input. Nonlinear adaptive filters are those that depend on the input signal and their parameters change continually. Also, adaptive filters can be classified ad as supervised and unsupervised adaptive filters. Supervised adaptive filters apply the presence of a instruction series that gives different proceedss of a desired ouput for a particular input signal. The response that is desired is compared against the accepted output due to the input signal, and the wrongful conduct signal that results is used in adjusting the filters liberate parameters. Unsupervised adaptive filters perform alterations of their free parameters without the requirement for a desired response. Such filters are designed with a group of rules that enable it to calculate the input-output mapping with particular desirable properties (Sayed, 2003). Adaptive Filtering System variety Drumright (1998) establishes 4 major types of adaptive filtering physiques. These include adaptive noise cancellation, adaptive inverse system, adaptive system identification and adaptive linear prediction. Algorithm implementation in all these systems, but the configuration is different. They all have the same general characteristics which include an input signal x(n), a desired result d(n), an output signal y(n), an adaptive transfer function w(n) and an error signal e(n). e(n)=d(n)-y(n) The adaptive system identification determines a discrete approximation of the transfer function for an incomprehensible analog or digital system. A same input x(n) is applied to both the unknown system and the adaptive filter and the outputs are compared. The y(n) of the adaptive filter is subtracted from that of the unknown resulting in an error signal e(n) which is used to manipulate the filter coefficients of the adaptive system. In the adaptive noise cancellation configuration, an input x(n) and a noise source N1(n) a re compared with a desired signal d(n) which comprises of a signal s(n) corrupted by another noise N0(n). The adaptive filter coefficients adapt to cause the error signal to be a noiseless version of the signal s(n). The adaptive linear prediction configuration performs two operations linear prediction and noise cancellation. Finally, the adaptive inverse system models the inverse of the unknown system u(n), an aspect which is useful in adaptive equalization (Drumright, 1998). Conclusion Just as discussed above, the untarnished applications of adaptive filt

Is Wind Power Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is leading Power Green - Research Paper workoutOn the other hand, fossil anoint is not green. Fossil oil produces carbon monoxide (the motor vehicles intoxicating exhaust fumes). Fossil oil pollutes the earths atmosphere. Fossil oil suffocates the lungs of city residents. Fossil oil destroys life. Green power comes from several sources. First, solar brawniness comes from maximizing the sunshines energy. Solar panels can convert the suns energy to electrical energy. Second, geothermal energy, comes from hot springs. Another source of geothermal energy is the volcanic heat escaping the earths internal aras. Third, Ethanol energy comes from grain alcohol. Ethanol is extracted from corn, barley, sugarcane some other sugar-based feedstock. Fourth, plagiarize energy comes from windmills and tall free standing turbines. Historically, windmills have been procedured in Holland for generate energy. Also, the use of green wind energy creates eliminates the hazards and pollution of foss il fuel-based energy. Sidney Borowitz (1999) emphasized Fossil fuels are the remains of primitive matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by blackjack and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow. In terms of wind energy, Borowitz (1999) reiterated Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow. Using coal will damage the earths environment. Borowitz (1999) insists coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. Coal creates the biggest damage on the environment. Burning coal creates polluting smoke. The polluting smoke makes breathing difficult. The polluting smoke damages the Ozone layer. Wind energy reduces the radiate pollution trend in major cities of the United States. Judith Cherni (2002) states the concentration of industrial manufacturing plants exhausts immensely contributes to the atmospheres pollution. The air pollution significantly derails the average persons health. Different air pollutant types exert different degrees of health damage to the people. The degree or concentration of the pollutants generates various effects on the average county resident. To reduce the current air pollution trends, the states air pollution policies must be efficaciously and deficiently revised and set into immediate motion. Likewise, a research conducted by Cornelis Van Kooten (2009) shows that the eart hs wind energy supplies potential research shows that the worlds wind energy supply potential influentially surpasses the worlds energy deprivations. However, only one percent of the worlds electricity need is presently supplied by the green wind power. The fact is true even though there is an around fifty percent yearly growth in the wind producing capabilities over the past twenty quintet years. Almost 100 percent of the entire green wind energy had been

Mobile Phones Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mobile Phones grocery storeing - Case Study ExampleAs wireless technologies evolve the coming mobile rotary motion will bring dramatic and fundamental changes to the world. This revolution has already begun and is gaining momentum. The revolution will impact numerous facets of our daily lives and the way line is conducted and will give up important data in real time to assist decision makers exert great enamour on communications between businesses and their customers and transform the way we live our lives. The challenges facing mobile services, such as changes in business strategies, investment risk, limitations in mobile devices, networking problems, infrastructure constraints, security concerns, and user distrust in mobile applications and these provoke the researchers issues such as killer applications, usability, user interfaces, mobile access to databases, and agent technologies. To stay on competitive, mobile-device vendors, developers, and network operators must provide end users with a rich and satisfying experience. Marketing have a great role in promoting wider and broader concept of IT business. Now we should see what are apple iPhone and RIM blackberry bush Smart Phones and what all concepts and business models have been use by both.Data is mainly cool by alternative sources. Collection of information is called a data. Data is of two types. They are primary data and secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and hence happen to be original in character. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process. Secondary data may be published or unpublished data .For this particular study secondary data used is Market led strategic change of Prof. Nigel F. Piercy, which is used as marketing tool and its concept. Secondary data is used for preparing company profile, and previous reports. Apple iPhone and RIM Black berryWith all of the millions of iPhones already used by passing satisfied users including many corporate executives Apple has been pushed to add features to the iPhone to make it easier for IT staff to manage and integrate into the active systems. This will enable iPhone users to gain access to server updates pushed from Exchange as they are updated on the server, rather than requested by the client at regular intervals like a typical email program. When Apple announced that the iPhone would incorporate Exchange support through ActiveSync, they specifically pointed out some shortcomings of RIMs server-based system. (Kim 2008).Apple overly highlighted the thousand of existing web-based applications that already work on the iPhone. One major challenge Apple faces in bumping the iPhone up to 3G is that it will require more bombardment power to operate and the iPhone already has significantly shorter battery vivification than comparing with other phones. So the company will need to improve the devices battery life but for the current users frequently need to recharge their battery every day. Apple has given engineering science managers their iPhone wish list in full in an effort to make its phone more business friendly. The mission Lure enough enterprises to the iPhone so Apple can hit its 10 million unit goal by the end of 2008. (Dignan 2008). Apple IPhone is the multimedia mobile phone, which enable internet connectivity with touch screen, practical(prenominal) keyboard, camera phone and portable media player (ipod) along

Application of the Henderson Nursing Model from a Holistic Perspective Article

Application of the Henderson Nursing position from a Holistic Perspective - article ExampleApplication of the Henderson Nursing Model from a Holistic Perspective Virginia Henderson was an advanced woman of her time. By 1934 she had earned both her Bachelors of Nursing and her Masters Degree in Nursing Education and was well on her way towards making one of the biggest changes in nursing history. In an era where hold ups were starting to be apprehended for more than their ability to change dressings, Hendersons work on a theory of nursing was the unspoiled move at the right time in history (Nursing Theory, 2011). Hendersons Nursing Model Henderson is known as a needs theorist (Kim & Kollak, 2006, p.17). Her prime theory was centered on the cerebration that a nurses position was to help the individual to gain their own independence. This lent a flexibility to the nursing model an idea that a nurse could be many things to the same persevering. Henderson assemble it as assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to the health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as apace as possible (1961, p. 42). ... She was also a strong proponent for the idea that the nurses contract and duty is to the patient rather than the doctor which was a prevalent belief prior to that time. Nicholl (1997) wrote about her Hendersons definition of nursing was a major shift from the task-procedure perspective and one of the earliest widely utilise definitions to present a conceptualization of nursing that included function and goal (p.509). Henderson viewed a nurses function as being either substitutive (doing something instead of the patient) supplementary (helping the patient directly to do something) or complementary (working with the patient to do something). This way the patient had a certain control over how his or her treatment went with the nurse identified as someone who can facilitate that process (Nursing Theory, 2011). This emphasis on the patient having some control over his or her health and treatment is one aspect that resonates with holistic health practices. Holistic Medicine and the Henderson Nursing Model Holistic medicine is defined as a doctrine of preventive and therapeutic medicine that emphasizes the necessity of looking at the whole personhis body, mind, emotions, and milieurather than at an isolated function or organ...holistic medicine puts ownership of the patients health back with the patient, doctrine the precepts of exercise, a good diet, adequate sleep, fresh air, and moderation in personal habits (Shaw, 2008). Originally considered new fester and totally against the medical methods of treatment, in more recent times holistic aspects of health c be are working alongside mainstream medical techniques. While it could not be said that Virginia Henderson was a

Struggles Over Access To Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Struggles Over Access To inebriant - Essay ExampleThe struggle for gender equality and the participation of women in pub labor has proceed up to date. Several pubs in Australia have both male and female patrons. Several Australian women showtime drinking as young adults, which has exposed them to various forms of youth violence. The presence of women in pubs is a super C occurrence, which has led to increased risks associated with binge drinking and intoxication. However, the physical separation of male and female bar areas does not exist and young women drink in the company of men. Women patronizing pubs are victims of binge drinking of contrastive types of alcohol such as spirits and beer. Adult Australian women still attend dance clubs and put down in occasional drinking. Majority of these women consume-full strength beer, which was part of the traditional drinking pattern of the Australian culture. In conclusion, Australia faced gender inequality in the provision of labor d uring the nineteenth century. Men and women had traditionally predefined roles in the society. The changing economy and the world war led to a shift in the labor food market in the country. Women began participating in labor activities dominated by men. This involved participating in the human beings space such as pub attendants. Several women became barmaids, a position previously reserved for men. The changing social responsibilities and trends demanded financial freedom among women. This trend has continued to the present time where pubs are patronized by women.

Early Complex Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early Complex Societies - Essay ExampleDuring this period society consisted of small groups and developed language, rituals, and apply basic tools made of stone. The Neolithic Revolution, a term given the adoption of agriculture, transformed economic, political, and mixer organization. Its branch can be found in the Middle East as early as 10,000 B.C.E. The enjoyment of agriculture gradually spread or was adopted independently in centers, including parts of India, North Africa, the States and Europe.It was not until about 3500 B.C.E. that the changes brought about by the Neolithic revolution brought about the development of early knotty societies. Locations situated close to fertile river banks suited the development early complex societies because their economic production was establish upon agriculture. Rivers were also used for cleansing and drinking as modern reticulation did not exist. Irrigation methods and calendars were developed to advance agrarian efficiency. Later, bo ats were constructed and used for transportation and trade. As the societies grew denser some of the other technological advances introduced were the potters wheel, wheeled vehicles, improved shipbuilding allowing navigation ships, and bronze tools.The four great river valleys commonly recognised as forming the basis of early civilizations are the Tigris and Euphrates river valley in Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley in India, the Nile River valley in Africa, and the Huang He River valley in mainland China (Stearns, Adas Et al.) technology and the reorganisation of societal structures increased the economic viability of the now sedentary communities causing population sizes to increase dramatically. As the populations had vested interests in their land, ownership of property became more important which lead to increasingly complex societies where specialization, economic, political, and religious functions flourished. The increases in economic production also promoted migration and trade, which furthered the diffusion of the technologies and intellectual capital necessary for the spread of early social complexity. Horse domestication ( +- 4000 B.C.E.) and bronze metallurgy played a pivotal role in this and influenced the development of societies from China to Egypt. Advances in transportation technologies between approximately 3500 and 2000 B.C.E., such as wheeled carts and wagons appeared in Mesopotamia (Bentley 760), the construction of tight sailing vessels by the Mesopotamians and Egyptians meant that although the population of the early complex society were sedentary, they did not develop exclusively in isolation. According to Bentley, Mesopotamians and Egyptians traded with each other at least by 3500 B.C.E (Bentley 760). The theory that the ideas and technology necessary for the ecesis of complex societies spreads through migration and trade is called the cultural diffusionism. The Olmec society in the Americas (1400 BCE to about 400 BCE) is a re nowned exception as in terms of this theory cultural diffusionism could not have been the sole parkway force for the spread of complex societies.Middle Eastern complex societies began in about 3500 B.C.E. with the Mesopotamians and continued with the Sumerians. In around 1800 B.C.E., the Babylonian Empire came to supremacy uniting all

Value Chain Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value Chain Development - stress ExampleCiting at Borg,W.D.,& Gall,D.W.(1963).Educational rsearch prooject it is a good idea for The managers to leverage on existing M&E systems in each organization branch to track project indicators and milestones. For this project, steps to measure progress towards operation of outputs resulting be validated by the stakeholders during the inception workshops and the surveys and baseline serve to further strengthen this. The observe framework will capture both qualitative and quantitative results of the project. The qualitative information is very serious in measuring changes in perceptions among beneficiaries. The project already has outlined some of the quantitative outputs, the results will be measured bimestrialally, such as the number of producers who have enlisted to join and participate in the project.Key indicators of the project will be tracked by project staff M&E team. Information collected will be fed back to implementing teams fo r incorporation and knowledge sharing. In cases where project indicators and milestones are not be met, the managers will jointly come up with corrective measures. The project team will support invariable learning through the development of lessons learnt as well as success stories on a periodic basisOther outputs such as use of locally available materials and its success will be documented as well as the modification in the design of the technologies to suit the local conditions in the country Oso,W.Y.(2002). The managers will hold a preliminary planning meeting.

Psychology - Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Mental Health - prove Exampleg lack of evidence that Taylor and Brown supply for their analysis, including data that correlates, but does not command causation from research study on college students, incorrect assumptions about the meaning of the overly positively charged illusions that gloomy individuals have, the overwhelming belief of depressed individuals to believe they have more than control over their situation consequently they do, and the idea that a positive belief about the future will necessitate a positive future (Colvin and Block 1994).While all of these concepts may be see as correlated to increase positive self video, Colvin and Block suggest that while this behavior may also be regular(prenominal) of normal subjects, it does not compel the reader to recognize these behaviors as healthy, when current psychological practise prefers that state have a realistic self image, as apposed to a highly illusionary self image (Colvin and Block 1994).One of the primary criticisms Colvin and Block suggest is the use of the terms balanced and evenhanded. They criticise these terms, in that Taylor and Brown do not give a definition of either term, and their meaning can be ambiguous. While Taylor and Browns article suggests the terms to mean a subject ascribes to self a relatively equal number of positive and negative characteristics (Colvin and Block 1994). Colvin and Block argue that a more realistic assumption of self would be an unequal characteristic organisation, which is a more accurate limning of the self (Colvin and Block 1994).Looking at research, Colvin and Block make a strong argument for the indispensableness for realism, not illusion in mental health. While most people rate themselves as happier or intermit of then others, this is the result of overly broad questioning, which makes answers incomparable. When questions are focused on specific traits, the better than others effect is severely diminished (Dunning, Meyerowitz , & Holzberg, 1989). Also, while mentally healthy individuals

Topic 1 UK Bill of Right + Topic2 Can individual rights Contend with Essay

Topic 1 UK Bill of Right + Topic2 merchant gentleman individual rights Contend with arbitrary Power - Essay ExampleSuch power decimates ethics, security, and patriotism itself and this more, the further it is carried. But it would be a mistake to gaze for arbitrary power only in compulsory states. Frequent demonstrations of its workout are discovered under legal authorities and even in republics, in nations ruled by regulation and extended by the Germans under the denomination of Rechtsstaat. These situations of arbitrary power should be ascribed to the account of the discretionary power which the regulations are obliged to depart to a substantial number of agents, or rather to the account of people who submit to the misuse of power without making use of the lawful protect against at their command. If the functionary knew that every proceed of his, not justifiable by the necessities of the case, would be conveyed before the higher(prenominal) administration of the enclosures, or on ly before the tribunal of public attitude, by way of the press, he would cerebrate two times before presuming the blame of it. If no one would permission to tolerate arbitrary power, no one would be arbitrary.The phrase random has in supplement a philosophic significance, which should not be confounded with its vulgar sense. We will endeavor to characterize this in a couple of phrases and show the launching it finds in governmental affairs. The activities of men are occasionally very resolute by natural regulations, private or moral. Sometimes afresh they are not influenced by any insurmountable restriction. A man can not stay hovering in the air without support here is a personal impossibility. A man can not be appreciative for bad finished him this is a lesson impossibility. But he is free to allocate a months hold up and, if he desires, two or three months to a debtor in a phrase, he can accept or allocate a gibibyte distinct situation in every one of the 1000 attenuating com ponents of life. This is

Missouri Compromise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Missouri agree - Term Paper ExampleMissouri CompromiseThe period 1813 to 1820, an Era in which good things were dependable beginning to trickle down an oftentimes referred to as the Era of Good Feelings the Missouri compromise, an event that is believed to make water had a major role in shaping the course of American history struck. As a theme of fact, even the colonists before the birth of the nation had been listening to their consciences, and knew in their minds that slavery was indeed, wrong. Thus, it was time to mystify note and recognize how cruel the vice actually was. Finally, in 1820, a minority of congressmen rose up and took an expressive stand. However small, important steps had to be made toward attainment of equal rights.The events preceding the compromise came at a time when James Monroe had taken office as the president of the new body politic with only one political faction inexistence, that being the Democratic-Republicans. Although there were a amount of div erse issues to be tackled ranging from Taxation dilemmas to particular internal improvements that sprung from the Federalists ideals a precise balance within the Senate of Congress equating the number of representative for free and slave states was regarded important in terms of house voting, and was to be upheld no matter the prevailing circumstances.Holding other factors such as the supply of cheap land constant, because freedom had to be sought anyway, Missouri soon applied for recognition as full fledged member of the kernel as a slave state.

Get the latest report from Microsoft Corporation and analyze it for Research Paper

Get the latest report from Microsoft Corporation and analyze it for its investment potential - Research Paper ExampleSince then the company has been excelling in every department and has make itself as an exemplary icon for other companies to follow.Before investing in a particular company, it is responsible that the companys performance should be properly analyzed. A companys performance thunder mug be analyzed by referring to its monetary statements, in other words, a potential investor should dig enigmatical into the financial statements of an organization. Financial statements provide a clear picture of the companys performance over the year. For and investor, there are many different techniques used to analyze the financial statements but the common start out used to analyze the financial performance is the use of ratio analysis.Ratio analysis is a mechanism used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of informationin a companys financial statements. Ratios ar ecalculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company (Investopedia). Ratios are further divided into different categories, with separately ratio analyzing a different perspective. To analyze the financial performance according to the investor perspective, Investor/shareholder ratios are used. honorarium per share are the portion that an organization allocates to its outstanding share of common stock. EPS is a measure of a companys profitability. Microsofts EPS for the year 2009 was $1.63/share as compared to its EPS of $1.9/share in 2008. This shows that the company was unable to have the same profitability as in 2008. The EPS figure seems discouraging for investors to invest in the company.Dividend per package shows the companys ability to give out dividends to its individual shareholders. Microsofts dividend per share had increased by $0.08/share. Microsofts cash dividend per share in 2009 was $0.52 as compared to $0.44 in 2008. Although the companys net income

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs Essay

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs - Essay ExampleThe medieval priory church has an interesting history, architectural features, and other preposterous elementsThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the history of the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew focusing on the period of its construction, analyse the architectural features characteristic of the period, and discuss other interesting aspects of the building.Smithfield was originally a flat grassy area of spirited ground to the north-west of the City of London, outside the city walls. During the Roman occupation, Smithfield was used as a cemetery and cremation grounds, since these were not permitted by Roman law within the walled City. During the Norman invasions, the Smithfield area reverted to agricultural use (Rees, 1996 6). originally the founding of the priory, Smithfield was notorious as a place of public execution. However, the area was also used for more than festive purposes suc h as tournaments, pageants and plays, and was well known throughout the mediaeval period for horse trading. From 1133 the monastery launch the Bartholomew Fair, an annual three-day type on the eve of St. Bartholomews Day. The area designated for the Fair was extended over the years, and the event continued annually for over seven hundred years, sometimes lasting two weeks, until it was stopped in 1855. The cloth fair was known throughout Europe and the priory received large profits from the fair, through the centuries. With the ostracise on slaughtering within the city walls from 1381, there was development of meat and livestock trade at Smithfield (Rees, 19968, 7).harmonize to Shepherd & Elmes (1929 114), on the east side of Smithfield stands the parish church of St. Bartholomew the Great which originally adjoined the priory of St. Bartholomew. When the latter was pulled down to the choir, that separate was used by the Kings order for the enlargement of the old Church. Later, w hen Queen Mary gave the

PASSION AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE- TRISAN, Essay

PASSION AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE- TRISAN, - Essay Exampleor trickery, but also for trickery as a tool of literature that undermines its claims to truth and goodness in making these claims wholly contingent on the recognition of the text as good. As Tristans pupil in formal education as well as trickery, Isolde the Blonde (distinct from the two other Isoldes, the Queen of Ireland and Isolde of the whiten Hands) for a brief time demonstrates her own acumen as a trickster before it unravels when Marke discovers them.An slip from the text is helpful in uncovering the complexities to be expected in Gottfrieds brand of trickery. In a sense, it is easy to explain the motivation the adult Tristan has in exercising trickery to continue his affair with Isolde, he must trick those who would hinder it. It is more difficult to explain, for example, his motivation when he first encounters the friendly pilgrims upon his stretch in Cornwall, to whom he lies without any apparent provocat ionNow Tristan was shrewd and cautious for his years and started to itemise them a pretty tale. Good sirs, he told them, I was born in this country and with some others was to engender ridden out hunting in this forest here today, but (myself I know not how) I rode out of touch with both huntsmen and hounds. Those who knew the forest-paths all fared better than I, because, having no track, I rode astray and got lost. I thus hit on a cursed trail which brought me to the edge of a gully where, try as I would, I would not curb my horse from plunging headlong down. We ended up, my horse and I, lying in a heap together. Then I failed to get to my stirrup in time to prevent its snatching the reins and careering off into the forest. And so I came to this path, which has brought me as far as this. But I cannot say where I am, nor in which concern I must go. (76)This elaborate story is a miniature autobiography and the pilgrims respond with sympathy, giving Tristan shape up reason to pe rsist with his trickery. The pilgrims happily take Tristan with

Prochaskas Stages of Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prochaskas Stages of Changes - Essay ExampleThe stage preparation is different from contemplation. While growth ideas there arise solutions to develop changes. During the preparation phase a long edge inventionning which is functional is to be considered predominantly. In this plan there must be technicalities to reveal how harmful old habits force out be avoided successfully. There must also be certain tips to show how these technicalities can be busy properly. In the preparation stage people must provide more considerations for changes in the spirit. Anxiety is the killer whale element at this preparation stage. By employing small tones the anxiety can be counterchecked perfectly. deal can arrange a specific metre for doing commitments in a very suitable and real way. It is better to make a master plan for the utilization of the time allotted to perform commitments. another(prenominal) way to make the process more vigorous is to tell other individuals about the master p lan and its application. People must learn to utilize the time properly in the preparation stage because the project to create a change in peoples lifestyle is a long term process. The peculiarity of the preparation stage is that it focuses on the incoming of individuals in all respects. It also analyzes reliable solutions for future benefits while accommodating changes in the lifestyle of people. Hence this is different from contemplation. The existence of a problem is accustomed more importance in this stage and the plans designing sort such problem must be highly realistic. The expecting change will not take place instantly. It will take considerable time to achieve the result as per the planning. Since this is a gradual transformation the time frame requires to fulfill the craved result is nearly one year. Hence people have patience to practice the solutions mentioned in the planning. It take tremendous effort which consumes time. Once a plan is prepared to boost changes, th en the next step is action. Action can never equalize the change with respect to the planning. If anybody is in action, it provides the implication that he has been affect to accommodate changes in life. It doesnt mean that the change is over. Action is one of the steps in enumerate changes. By concentrating on action stage one can change his behavior and nature of life style. People utilize time and energy at this action stage for bringing changes in their life.

Child development Essay Example for Free

kidskin maturation EssayThe following essay leave check factors that consider a tykes learning and training. All tikeren atomic number 18 distinctive individuals and dissent in pattern and timing of maturation, as well as individual personality, learning style, cultural and family background. Each boor has its ingest varying strengths, weaknesses, special inescapably and skills. The hop on of a tyke is an rough-and-ready indicator to the chronological succession of points of discipline however, it is only an estimation of maturation, as the menti unityd indep annulent factors testament differ from child to child. The pointednesss of reading in children aged one to five long time include the prenatal head, infancy, toddler stage, and proto(prenominal) childhood and compass a plethora of progress in all areas of culture. Expected changes in growth take head in all areas of development, particularly in the early geezerhood, and these include physical, i ntellectual, language, emotional, and affectionate development. The archetypal five years of life are crucial for expanding the foundations for learning and development. Research has shown that the developing child is learning to discover, communicate, and extend ideas astir(predicate) how things work.Read more Factors that influence child development essayThe successful progress of these abilities and skills depend more often than non on a childs early surround. Parents, teachers, and shell out offerrs promote development and learning when they provide experiences that build on and extend the childs capabilities. However, it is clear from evidence on both sides of the debate that development and learning prove from a contribution of both biological factors and environmental factors. Empiricists believe environmental influences shape learning and development, while nativists emphasise inborn, genetic characteristics influence development (Bee, 2006b).Development could be set forth as an interactive relationship among the inherited qualities of an individual and the external environment. A childs emotional and social development is shaped by internal influences, for example, a child whitethorn be inherently shy or outgoing, however the environment will withal influence the childs social and emotional development, such as successful first relationships, cultural values and how family and peers interact with the child, i. e. the childs immediate social environment. Cognitive development could be influenced by internal factors.Research has shown that teratogens (legal or illegal drugs), take in, alcohol consumption provoke have adverse affects on cognitive development (Bee, 2006 a). A study by Monuteaux, (2006) shows the negative set up of smoking on the development of a child, and there is questioning study that maternal diet and smoking could be causal factors of ADHD (Bakker, 2003). Scarr (1983) summarises the internal and external influences o n childrens development, Both genes and environments are constituents in the developmental system, but they have different roles.Genes direct the blood line of gentlemans gentleman experience, but experiential opportunities are in like manner necessary for development to number (Scarr, 1983, pp. 433). It is interesting to shell out cognitive development in children and the subsequent affect on learning and conduct. Piaget was an influential Swiss psychologist who inquiryed cognitive development. Piaget believes cognitive development transpires through a combination of direct experience from ones environment and an instinctive structure of biological maturation.Piaget suggested individuals are born with intellect to serve as a staple fibre function that assists adaptation to their environment (Shaffer, 1989). His theory proposes that development proceeds through a set of quatern stages from infancy to adulthood. Piaget believed that the first stage of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage this occurs in the first dickens years of a childs life and involves infants using motor skills and all the senses, sight, smell, touch etc.to search and gain an understanding of the environment.Preoperational stage progresses from the sensorimotor stage and includes the theatrical role of language to understand the environment, images and symbols are also used to represent the environment this is from two to seven-spot years of age. Piaget believed language is egocentric at this stage. The undermentioned stage is bounded concrete operations and children begin to use logical thought processes to further their understanding and occurs from ages seven to eleven. Formal Operation is the last stage Piaget believes takes bureau in cognitive development and it involves the ability to use abstract thought processes.This is from eleven onwards (Shaffer, 1989). The central idea of Piagets cognitive theory is the advance of schemas, and further assimilation and accommodation of these schemas constantly return the child to a state of equilibrium. A schema is any thought or object that one whitethorn have experienced and is past nonionized to aid coherence. Assimilation is the process of adding new information to enhance the understanding of an existing schema, and thus producing a new schema.Accommodation is the adjustment of an existing schema in order to include new information. Equilibration is the term Piaget uses to find the balance a child reaches when it genial with a schema, new information places the child in a state of disequilibrium or imbalance, until, assimilation and accommodation allow equilibration to take place. As with all theories, Piaget was criticised for placing as well as lots emphasis on environment and not considering social interaction as an impacting force (Cohen, 1993).It has also been suggested that children appear to have existing understanding of basic principles, e. g. a study by Gibson and Walk, us ed a visual cliff where a checkerboard pattern continued several feet below a glaze table. The test showed that infants as juvenile as 5 months were able to perceive depth, and would not proceed when they reached the end of the cliff (Bee, 2006b). This shows that many foundations of cognitive ability are already present and further learning will increase cognitive development.Vygotsky is another central figure in the domain of constructivist theory however, he differs from Piaget in that Vygotsky places more emphasis on social learning and its effect on cognitive development. His theory focuses on a term he called zone of proximal development and defined it as the distance amongst the actual developmental direct as influenced by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978, p.86). Vygotsky believed that learning takes place in this zone. T he idea of ZPD suggests that cognitive development is established by social learning with capable peers or adults and cooperative analytical skills. In tell to Piaget, Vygotsky stated that development was an intricate lifelong process that could not be defined into stages, but preferably is to be examined as a means of development rather than an end. Vygotskys theory reflects correlation between learning and development.Newborn children are constantly learning from their experiences and they form understanding from theses experiences, Vygotsky, believes this learning is directly joined to sociocultural perspective. As they grow older, infants readily learn from observation and cooperative learning with peers and adults (Moyles, Miller) The psychodynamic approach addresses childrens learning by focusing on internal mechanisms, such as instincts, conflicts and unconscious forces. A well- cognise(prenominal) idea of this theory is that unconscious as well as conscious forces regula te deportment.Freud suggested trine intuitive drives for survival, the sexual drive to reproduce the human race, hunger and pain trigger the instinct to preserve ones life and aggressive drives are the third force. Freuds theory is criticised on many accounts, mostly that he suggests the main inherent cause of problems are sexually related, and cooperately it is scientifically difficult to invoice the hidden unconscious of a being. Freuds theory implies that children learn behaviour through the progress of three stages.The newborn and infant are driven by what he termed the id this is an inborn instinct, which demands instant gratification. As the child grows older, it learns that it cannot achieve instant gratification all the time, and the ego develops as an intermediary pacifier, which takes social contexts into consideration and delays gratification. The superego is the high form of moral reasoning and is often considered as a parental restrictor, this last stage develops very much later in development (Bee, 2006b).It can be seen how Freuds theory affects social and emotional development and behaviour in the first five years, as most children at this age are controlled by the id and the developing ego. Eriksons theory is often viewed as an extension of Freuds psychosexual theory of Development. Erikson suggests that development progresses over a lifespan and he portrays this in his theory of the eight stages of psychosocial development. His theory proposes that each stage has a conflict within it that must be resolved before proceeding to the next stage each stage presents the opportunity for success or failure.The first three stages are relevant in the first five years of a childs life and include emotional, social and cognitive development on behaviour acquisition. The first stage is trust versus mistrust and takes place in the period of the first two years of infancy this stage propounds an emotional crisis in which the child must successfully de velop trust and security and emotional well-being. If the care provider does not reciprocate emotional care positively the child becomes mistrustful.Once the child has learned trust, it advances to the next stage of autonomy versus rape, and approximately takes place in early childhood. This stage concentrates on the childs ability to develop confidence and a sense of independence. Children at this age (approximately two to quaternion years) begin to manage small parts of their lives, and Erikson suggests washbowl training is a huge feat in establishing independence in a child. It also consists of decision-making and plectrum over things like food, clothes etc, if a child is unsuccessful in this stage thusly it leads to shame and a feeling of inadequacy.The third stage occurs from about three to five years of age, and incorporates the childs ability to play and develop social skills of leadership or subordination, power and a sense of self. If the child cannot overcome the cris is then crushing, fear and a prolonged development are the result. The successful child proceeds to the next stage and so forth (Brain 2005) The humanistic perspective argues that behaviour is subjective as individuals determine and control their own thoughts and actions.Maslow hypothesised a hierarchy of need, in which each level of the hierarchy had to be satisfied before the human need moved on to the next level. For example, according to Maslows hierarchy it is not perceived that an individual would desire the comfort of a spouse or children, if basic physiological needs such as food and water were not satisfied (Bee 2006a). Children develop and learn most fruitfully in the environment of a community where they are safe and valued, and their emotional and physiological needs fulfilled.If physical nourishment is transpiring then Maslows theory depicts emotional well-being as an important factor, sure all aspects of development are influenced by successfully accomplishing posit ive first relationships. This provides the constructive foundation for effective social and emotional development, which will inadvertently affect cognitive development as well. Skinner constructed a theory he termed operant conditioning, and found it on the notion that learning is a means of behaviour modification.His experiments show how he conditioned rats to pull a lever to release food, the incentive for the rats was the food and the demand behaviour was pulling the lever. The theory illustrates that changes in behaviour are the consequences of an individuals reaction to incentives that occur in any given environment subsequently the reaction will produce an outcome. When a specific response is reinforced, behaviour is conditioned, and the individual will respond to a stimulus to achieve its incentive the result will be consistent each time.The crucial aspect of Skinners model is reinforcement, a particular behaviour can be acquired through reward, and certain behaviours prev ented through punishment (Brain, 2005). Skinners theory belongs to the Behaviourist approach and is effective in explaining some of the causes and modifications of behaviour it is often used in schools to elicit particular behaviours from children (usually in the form of sweets or stickers). Social learning theory clarifies behaviour in terms of consistent equal correlation between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.Social learning theory has four main components, attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation, which cover physical, cognitive and behavioural development. Attention requires concentration so that the events are detect accurately. Retention includes the intellectual organization of information in order to store it effectively in the memory and remember the correct processes of events. Motor reproduction includes the physical ability to imitate the behaviour, for example, a human is not physically able to fly like superman.Motivation involves the child to be willing and incite to imitate the behaviour. The fall upond consequences of a particular behaviour (whether punished or rewarded) may influence a childs decision to imitate or not, Bandura called this modeling (Brain 205) One of the famous experiments conducted by Albert Bandura, known as the Bobo shuttlecock experiment revealed that children imitated aggressive physical and verbal behaviour towards the dolls, exactly as they had observed, whereas the children who observed non-aggressive behaviour displayed practically no aggressive behaviour (Shaffer, 1989).Bandura suggests that social behaviour is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. Children are often observed imitating adults in role-play. Punishment and reward are also influences on behavioural development as mentioned in Skinners theory, for example, a child may observe a peer being rewarded with a sticker for tidying up and then learn that to obtain a sticker s/he must also t idy up.This theory facilitates an understanding of how behaviour is acquired and how it may be modified. John Bowlby developed fastening theory and he suggested that first relationships are the basis for young childrens development, predominantly their social and emotional development. Bowlby (1979 129) states supplement behaviour is held to characterize human beings from the cradle to the grave much of Bowlbys work was on the maternal bond that develops with a child.He believed that the connection between get and child, or phencyclidine hydrochloride and child has a basic gentle and evolutionary basis, in order for the child to receive appropriate care, protection and nourishment it has a tendency to maintain nearness to the main caregiver. Bowlby maintain that a child displays attachment behaviour when separated from the main care provider, first as protest, then despair and finally as detachment. First relationships can be summarised as a deeply root motivational system that ensures close receive between babies and adult caregivers who can protect, nurture, and guide their development (Shonkoff, 2000, p 230).Bowlby expanded and utilised various research to support his theory, one of his early works included research on delinquent adolescents and discovered maternal deprivation to be a recurring matter. Michael Rutter (1981) criticized Bowlbys theory, and suggested that early experiences cannot be held as direct underlying causes for later emotional distress, Rutter believed it is more significant how children are looked subsequently in the period of severance not the actual severance itself (Cowie, 2002).Bowlby introduced three stages of attachment, during the first pre-attachment material body (0-2 months) babies do not develop a particular attachment, and are content to be cared for by anyone. In the second phase (2-7 months) babies show a firm attachment to the main caregiver and cling to this figure when in the presence of a stranger, Bowlby ter med this stranger fear. The last phase is around two years of age and is labelled separation anxiety, the infant is confident to move away from the main caregiver provided theyremain physically present for the child to return to Brain (2005). Bowlby suggested that constant loving care and nurturing was essential during the crucial phase between approximately 6 months and 3 years of age, maternal deprivation or separation from the primary feather caregiver would result in considerable detrimental effects on social and emotional development of the child (Cowie, 2002). Harlow and Harlows famous experiment on Rhesus monkeys provided support to Bowlbys theory (Bowlby, 1973).In these experiments, young monkeys were separated from their mother shortly after birth. Two wire monkeys were substituted as artificial alternate mothers. The first monkey was made of wire mesh and provided food however, the second monkey was covered with sparkle and cloth and only provided comfort. The young mon keys nursed at the wire monkey but sought contact with the cloth monkey. The experiment showed that infants need a mothers love and comfort, and it proved that infants prefer proximity and comfort from a mother, rather than just using the mother for nourishment.The young monkeys clutched to the soft cloth doll and explored more when in the presence of the soft cloth doll, and the doll seemed to provide them with a sense of security. Infants reared without form social interaction with other monkeys, displayed either fearful or aggressive behaviour and the effects were discernible from two years of age, well into adulthood (Brain 2005). The experiment portrayed the importance of warmth, love and comfort that a nurturing mother or primary carer provides is essential for intellectual, social and emotional development.Mary Ainsworths research was based on an experiment to observe attachment behaviour between a child and the primary caregiver (usually the mother) the experiment is known as the strange situation. The procedure involves a child playing in a room, meanwhile the caregiver and stranger alternately enter and leave the room, the childs play behaviour and responses to caregiver and stranger are observed. The experiment placed children in four categories of attachment, secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganized. fond regard theorists are realizing that children differ from birth, but individual personalities and development are influenced by social experience, environment, and the attachment relationship is affected by the characteristics of both child and caregiver (Parkes, 1993) Cultural differences in child-rearing practices have various implications and meanings across cultures. polish defines a set of beliefs and patterns of behaviour this can be in a social, religious, societal or ethnic context.Culture clearly has an influence on the development of children, Edwards and Gandini (1989) point out that culture organises and transla tes childrens behaviour and development (Hinde, 1993). To understand development we must come to terms with the ways in which individuals, in developing their own self-concepts and participating in social relationships, both shape and are shaped by their social and cultural environment (Hinde, 1993). In a research paper Reebye, (2006) found various studies on cultural differences in child rearing and the impact this had on child development.Chen et al. (1998) studied reticent behaviour in Chinese and Canadian children and the child-rearing attitudes of the relative mothers. The results showed that Chinese babies were significantly more withdrawn and shy than their Canadian counterparts, and the underlying cause of this behaviour difference lay in parental styles and attitudes. Taciturn behaviour was positively associated with the Chinese mothers approval, whereas the Canadian mothers negatively received it, which implies a variation of the connotation of behaviour inhibition across both cultures (Reebye, 2006).Another example Reebye (2006) presents is a study conducted by Marcovitchet al (1997) which assessed the development, attachment and behavioural problems in adopted Romanian orphans between three to five years of age. The study revealed that children who had spent slight time I institutional car displayed better development outcomes and more securely attached compared to the chemical group of children who had spent more than six months in institutional care. The latter group were insecurely attached and scored less(prenominal) on development outcomes.The disadvantage of cross-cultural studies is the limitations of the range of studies in measuring attitudes, beliefs, cultural practices etc. Reebye (2006) continues to describe the importance of relationship development and its effects on affective, cognitive, social development and moral and ethical attitudes. Child-rearing practices and attachment directly influence these developmental factors, and it is important to remember that parenting practices are in turn influenced by social and cultural traditions.The factors such as parental intuition, parental attitudes, attributions and beliefs, learned parenting skills, accepted cultural and societal parenting norms, family factors, and environmental factors such as extended family support, poverty or unemployment are the most influential ones. Each of these or all collectively, can be considered from a cross-cultural perspective. (Reebye 2006). In todays modern and often changing world, many cultures also change and adapt, from generation to generation.Changes in societal norms, immigration and such similarly affect child-rearing practice considerably, such single parenting is a common family structure, yet in the Victorian measure was extremely rare and frowned upon, other changes include inter-racial adoptions, parenting by same sex couples, use of surrogate mothers etc. It can be suggested that childrens social, emotional and cognitive development is indisputably influenced by environmental factors, genetic compositions, attachment and first relationship, cultural traditions and this is reflected in their unique personalities and behaviour.In general, there is a need to understand denary outcomes of child development (cognitive, physical, social, and emotional) within the context of multiple factors (social, economic, cultural, and community-level) (The National Institute of Health, 2006). The first five years are important to understand the influences and causal links of child development in the early years. This may facilitate childrens well-being and ensure that government policies regarding children are reflective of child development needs, in particular families living in poverty or deprived areas.For example, quality of schools and education will affect cognitive development, and racial, gender, and religious integration will have positive effects on social development. It can be inferred that p ositive emotional development underpins all other areas of development, and if emotional development is defective then it will be replicated across other areas of development. In essence, all areas of development are interwoven and interdependent. The first five years are crucial for positive development, basic needs such asfood, pile and safety ensures good physical development, providing love, comfort and positive first relationships and attachments is essential to assist emotional development, which will also helps social development, and the correct stimulation and interaction ensures healthy cognitive development. REFERENCES Bakker, S. C. Van Der Meulen, E. M. Buitelaar, J. K. Sandkuijl, L. A. Pauls, D. L. Monsuur, A. J. Vant Slot, R. Minderaa. R. B. Gunning, W. B. Pearson, P. L. Sinke, R. J.(2003) A Whole-Genome register in 164 Dutch Sib Pairs with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Suggestive Evidence for Linkage on Chromosomes 7p and 15q American ledger of Human Gen etics, Vol. 72, pp. 1251-1260 Bee, H. (2006a) Lifespan Development, Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc Bee, H. (2006b) The Developing Child, Boston, MA Parson Education, Inc Bowlby, J. (1973) Separation Anxiety Anger. Vol. 2 of Attachment and loss London Hogarth Press New York Basic Books Harmondsworth Penguin Brain, C and Mukherjee, P.(2005) Understanding Child Psychology, Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd Cohen, D. (1993) The Development of Play, second edition. London Routledge Cowie, H. (2002) Child Care and Attachment in Barnes, P (Ed), Personal, Social and Emotional Development of Children Milton Keynes Blackwell Publishers Ltd Hinde, R and Hinde, J. (1993) Perspectives on Attachment in Parkes, C. M. (Editor), Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Florence, KY, USA Routledge http//site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan Monuteaux, M. C. Blacker, D. Biederman, J. Fitzmaurice, G and Buka, S. L.(2006) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems a longitudinal st udy Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 883890 National Institute of Health. (2006) The science and Ecology Of premature Development (SEED), http//grants. nih. gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-04-113. hypertext mark-up language Reebye, P. N, Ross. S. E and Jamieson. K (2006) A Literature review of the child-Parent/ Caregiver attachment theory and Cross-Cultural Practices influencing attachment, www. attachmentacrosscultures. org/research/1 accessed on 19/12/2006 Scarr, S., K. McCartney. (1983) How people make their own environments A theory of genotype-environment effects, Child Development, Vol. 54, pp 425-35. Shaffer, D. R. (1989) Developmental Psychology, Childhood and Adolescence, 2nd Edition, California Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Shonkoff, J. P. (2000) From Neurons to Neighbourhoods The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC, USA National Academy Press, http//site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan/ Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society Th e development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

The Jews a History Essay Example for Free

The Jews a History EssayResearch Problem 1 1. handle the different types of enlivens and the IRS rule related to the deductibility of entirely(prenominal) type for tax purposes. Interest is a fee paid by a borrower of assets to the owner as a form of compensation for the drill of the assets. There are different types of beguiles, including investment interest, qualified star sign interest, student loan interest, and individualized interest, which are either allowable or nondeductible. face-to-face interests are interests on car loans, credit cards, loans for appliances and furniture and interest on loans made by virtuoso person to another. individualized interest is nondeductible. If interest is paid on a qualified student loan, taxpayers may be subject to deduct the interest as deduction for AGI. Generally, the allowable sum of money for student loan is lesser of $2,500 or the amount of interest taxpayer actually paid. Investment interest is interest paid on money borrowed to bargain for or hold investment billet. It is tax deductible on income tax return up to the amount of the net investment income. However, if the interest is incurred to produce tax exempt income, it butt endnot be deducted.Investment interest is not any qualified home mortgage interest or any interest taken into work out in computing income or loss from a passive activity. The qualified residence interest is interest taxpayer pays on a loan secured by ones main home or a chip home. The loan may be a mortgage to buy primary home, a encourage mortgage, a home equity loan, or line of credit. The main home is where taxpayer lives most of the time. A second home is other residence taxpayer owns and treats as a second home.If the second home is rented, taxpayer must in addition use it as a home during the year for more than the greater of 14 days or 10% of the number of days its rented, for the interest to qualify as qualified residence interest. mansion equity loan int erest usually is nondeductible unless the loan is used to buy, construct, or substantially alter the taxpayers qualified residence. 2. Discuss the section of the IRS code that the IRS will use to support its position of disallowing the deduction. check to Publication 17 (2010), Your Federal Income Tax for Individuals, part 5-23, personal interest is expense that is considered not deductible. Personal interests are interests on car loans, credit cards, loans for appliances and furniture and interest on loans made by one person to another. Because Donald did not have $600,000 to pay Marla, he agreed to have the whole amount collectible over 10 years at 8% interest. IRS considers the amount as a personal loan that Marla lends to Donald.The interest of the loan falls into categories including in personal interests. Therefore, IRS disallows the interest deduction that Donald claimed as investment interest. 3. Discuss the support that Donald will need to defend his position that the int erest is investment related and should be deductible for tax purposes. As agreement between Donald and Marla after divorce, they divided their property equally based on the fair market value of property. As a result, Donald had corporate stock, a commercial building, and a personal residence.In return, Marla got other property. However, Donalds property had the higher value compare to Marlas. Because they did not sell their property, Donald believed that all the property have by him or Marla is considered either investment property or qualified residence. In addition, the amount of $600,000 is the fair market value of their property. Hence, its interest is considered one of his investment interests. As a result, Donald deducted the interest on this Federal income tax return. 4.As a tax expert, recommend a strategy for Donald to use in resolving this difference with the IRS Donald needs to prove that the amount of $600,000 is not the loan that Marla lends him. He can show the proper ty settlement between him and Marla. $600,000 is the difference amount between his and her property value. He, in fact, owned the property which had the higher value. Donald used the interest he made from that higher values property to pay Marla every year. Therefore, Donald can file and deduct the interest as his investment interest.

Language Arts Lesson Essay Example for Free

Language Arts Lesson try onAllyssa Sa plate Capucillis Biscuit and the Nest (2008) which is part of the Biscuit Phonics Fun series leave behind be utilise in this lesson to teach Language Arts to Grade 1 level students.This lesson aims to meet the Sunshine extract Standards which are to make students (1) position the sounds of vowels in printed lyric (2) apply letter-sound make outledge to decode phonetically rhythmical words quickly and accurately in isolation and in context (3) retell the main lawsuits and identify the characters and setting in a recital (4) edit for correct use of common spelling patterns and stuffy spelling of high frequency words and for correct use of capital letters for the pronoun I and puritanical nouns and (5) communicate effectively when relating experiences or retelling stories heard or read. After the teacher reads aloud the story to the class, the students get out perform the succeeding activities. First, students ordain be paired off and each pair will finish a story frame which goes this way. The story takes place in ________. A character in the story is ________who ________Another character in the story is ________who ________. A problem occurs when ________. After that, ________and ________. The problem is solved when ________. The story ends with ________. Second, the students will complete a Word Sort. They will get and divide a sheet of paper into deuce columns.At the top of the first column, they write vowel sound /e/ and at the second column, not vowel sound /e/. Then, students select words from the story and write these in the columns. Third, students will pass on a Picture Match. They are to read the words below the picture and tell whether it is a indite or a pin, mien or men, leg or league, nit or net, rid or red, tin or ten, and so on Fourth, students will describe their pet or a pet they would like to learn (if they do not have one yet) in writing. They need to write 3 to 5 sentences. Lastly, they will individually narrate to the class a story of their own pet or someone elses pet.The students will be assessed finished the following assessment tools (1) Students writing development will be assessed with their use of capitalization and use of appropriate punctuation marks in their indite output in the first and fourth exertion. (2) Students grammar skills are evaluated when they are able to correctly write the correct setting, character, or event in the story frame and when they properly use subject-verb agreement in their descriptions in the fourth activity as well as in their stories in the last activity.(3) Students spelling skills will be assessed through a written spelling assessment to be given after the second and third activity. The teacher will read aloud ten words with the oblivious vowel sound /e/ and hold the students to write them on a piece of paper. Another way to assess their spelling skills is through their written stories in the fourth activity. Th e spelling pattern that the students will be taught in relation to the story is the short vowel sound /e/. Word examples of the short vowel sound /e/ are egg, fell, nest, get, help, etc.Throughout the activities, the students will use three cueing systems in order to arrive at comprehension. These cueing systems are semantic, syntactical and graphophonic systems. The semantic system refers to language features that bring about meanings to the reader. This is used in the classroom to make students know and understand the correct meaning of a word. The syntactic system includes the interrelationship of the words in a sentence and the sentences in a text. When students are able to complete the story frame activity, they use the syntactic system.The graphophonic system includes the spelling and sound structure of the language and the relationship of these two. This will be taught to the students by demonstrating how words are pronounced based on their spelling or word patterns. Referen ces Capucilli, A. S. Schories, P. (2008). I Can contemplate Phonics Biscuit and the Nest. New York Harper Collins. Florida Center for Instructional Technology. (2009). Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http//etc. usf. edu/flstandards/la/new-pdfs/elp-1. pdf.

Marketing Plan for Book Publisher Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan for back away for Publisher Essay noesis HubPublishers is a tinr of up-to-the-minute schoolman and look for existent, the outgo literary material in Urdu and English by woodland writers both local and inter field of study. Our customers rest ensure that when they purchase a existenceation of familiarity Hub they receive the optimal value for their cash or as we call it your money well spent. Our domainations argon relax of plagiarism and we endeavor to stay a step ahead in providing academic material which is the almost recently proven by researchers sort of of re-publishing the similar material in a different manner. We be a sole proprietorship and our office is located at Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Being a startup in an labor al ascertainy being served by a ample number of brands, we shall initially tar quiver the Lahore merchandise with intent to move into other cities passim Punjab at bottom 5 years time. Our focus shall remain to continually research and analyze customer unavoidably, wants, reading trends and preferences to ensure that we appropriate only the most needed and desire after intensitys with the latest content. familiarity Hub shall provide its lymph node roots with editing, proofreading, layout and design, promotion and authentication services.Whereas, we shall be outsourcing the printing and distri exactlyion of our word of honors. Our long term focus is to motivate the culture of e- contains and printing on demand in modulate to safeguard our natural re sources for our approaching generations. Print on demand (POD) is a printing technology and seam process in which parvenue copies of a bear (or other document) argon not printed until an ramble has been received, which government agency criminal records can be printed one at a time. Rationale of this convergence supports be priceless source of noesis, wisdom and education the best company in times if solitude.Our affiliation with set asides and knowledge is further promoted by our religion which upgrades us to gain knowledge and preaches us to respect books. In todays flying paced world, where in organizeation and knowledge is continually increasing and modifying, the need for books containing the latest of information argon always required. As soon as a book or article is publishes a stove of evaluation, testing and research on the published material starts which unconstipatedtually leads to modified material ready to be published and the roll continues.This causes a never ending need for high quality books for sale at easy to find touch focuss and at afford subject prices. And this is exactly what we offer our customers as our product. Strategic Focus and Plan direction Knowledge Hub is the premium newspaper of academic and illustrated books, novels, best sellers and e-books in Pakistan. We at Knowledge Hub believe that knowledge is a service to be provided to our nation so that we may progress in t his fast paced world. The place of our affordable and easy to rag products is to ensure overhaulability of knowledge to all Pakistanis who try on for it.Goals Non Financial Goals Knowledge Hub seeks ensure availability of knowledge to all Pakistanis who seek for it. We at Knowledge Hub believe in a cleaner, safer tomorrow and in a Paper Free human being in which our natural resources are savored for our future generations to enjoy. Knowledge Hubs all-embracing website holds the key to a damp tomorrow. Our online e-books, research articles, audio and visual resources provide you easy and flagrant access along with it being environmentally beneficial.Financial Goals We sacrifice betokened to publish 70 books by authors within a years time. Moreover, to a customer hind end of at to the lowest degree 200,000 readers at the end of year one which is approximately 10 percent Market Analysis world-wide Book Publishing Market The worldwide book perseverance has been forecast to exceed revenue of $90 million. The industry recorded yearly growth of 1% over the past four preceding years, and is anticipate to accelerate to a yearly rate of almost 4% between 2011 and 2016.Sales by music, video,books and letter paper retailers repre displaceed the starring(p) segment of the global book mart in 2011, generating more than $50 billion and representing 56% of the overall mart. Pakistan Book Publishing Market Book publication is a business really(prenominal) closely related to the literary scenario since books are nothing if they dont push a publisher or a printer. Like every other thing in Pakistan,the printing industry is with its induce sets of problems the initial ones being the unfavorable socio-economic conditions, overlook of mass education and the development of local languages.Constraints Low Literacy judge The publishing industry in Pakistan is hampered both by a low literacy rate (48%) and the occurrence that the national language, Urdu, is wri tten in the right-to-left Arabic script un similar the official language, English, which is written left-to-right. Pakistan has had its share of poetry and prose writers in Urdu, English and other regional languages. Incentives for Writers Those who dont reproduce practice and are genuinely fire are hardly encouraged. The government, the NGOs and the intellectuals hardly ever comport the initiative to encourage young and buddingwriters of the surface area.These results in most of the young authors getting their works published under foreign publishers. At least they get the recognition they warrant in foreign waters. provided, in that location are a few committed souls who work tirelessly to make a place for themselves in the literature-deprived country. Market Growth The publishing industry has been steady growing despite the many hurdles like the low purchasing power of the masses and the lack of facilities. The principle centers of publishing are Karachi, Lahore and Peshawa r.Lahore stands out with its numerous publishing houses and has been the hub of the industry from the pre-independence era. Even now, getting a book published from Lahore is much easier than elsewhere. Pakistans publishing industry has a lucrative foodstuff for Urdu and ghostlike books abroad. A considerable number of books and periodicals are exported to countries like Malaysia, East Africa and the Middle East. Also, a very extended number of books is imported in Pakistan mainly from UK and USA.The Inter-Media Growth program of Pakistan and USA devote signed an cartel whereby Pakistan can import books and still concede for them in its local currency. Market necessarily In the Pakistan scenario, there is need for up-to-date information visible(prenominal) at affordable prices and easily accessible via easy to access retail outlets and via e-books. Trends The by-line trends are emerging in the publishing industry E-books Online book stores narration clubs Book fairs bustli ng bookshops Print on Demand These trends are discussed in detail in the Opportunitiessection.Customers Analysis pursuance is a detailed description of Knowledge Hubs client authors, intermediate customers and ultimate customers Client Authors Our client authors shall include all local authors who have quality material to offer and who oarlock within in our product range. Intermediate Customer Our Intermediate or trade customers include Wholesaler Book Stores endure Customer Out ultimate customers include 25534400 school/ college going children in Pakistan 1,349,000 university going individuals in Pakistan 57.7 % of our adult population which is literate in Pakistan Needs of the Target Customers Knowledge Hub endeavors to cater to these basic needs of the target consumers schoolman needs Literary/ information needs Entertainment needs Consumer Touch Points Our target consumer shall purchase our product via the following channels Book Stores Knowledge Hub shall have its products available at book stores including academic and literary book stores book shops in schools, colleges and universities. Gift Shops Our books shall likewise be made available on return shops. LibrariesOne of the major sources of contact with the target market are libraries. We shall endeavor to put relations with the local libraries to allow the usage of our products there. Website Our comprehensive website result also serve as a major source of interaction with our customers. Our website will display our catalogue of books and shall provide the viewers with an option to get access to our products in the form of both paper editions and electronic versions on-line. Customers would be able to be direct to bookstores for the paper version and they may send an order directly to us.They would also be able to open up and access an on-line edition instantly by making an online payment. Our website viewers would also be able to opt to receive periodic catalogs of our products online via e-mail. Customer Value Pro survey Like they say A book is mans best friend, Knowledge Hub shall serve to provide its target consumers with books that serve as their best friends in all their walks of life. Knowledge Hub is a provider of latest academic and research material, the best literary material in Urdu and English by quality writers both local and foreign.Our customers rest assured that when they purchase a publication of Knowledge Hub they receive the optimum value for their money or as we call it your money well spent. Our publications are give up of plagiarism and we endeavor to stay a step ahead in providing academic material which is the most recently proven by researchers instead of re-publishing the same material in a different manner. Knowledge Hub believes in a cleaner, safer tomorrow. We believe in a Paper Free World in which our natural resources are savored for our future generations to enjoy.Knowledge Hubs comprehensive website holds the key to a better tomorr ow. Our online e-books, research articles, audio and visual resources provide you easy and instant access along with it being environmentally beneficial. Constraint The long term vision of Knowledge Hub is to provide all of its resources online so that the environment and our natural resources can be saved. However, due to low takes of computer literacy in Pakistan, this is not possible immediately and shall take efforts from our end to promote education and reading so that our country can move forward past its literacy barriers.Competitor Analysis Our competitors include Local Competitors Sang-e-Meel state-supportedations Ferozsons Awesome Publishers connection for academician Quality AFAQ Fact Publications Idara-e-Islamiat Kiran Publications Azeem Academy Publishers Book vendors Hassan Publishers 2 The Point Publishers 7th Sky Publications A to Z Publishers A-One Publishers Adara Talifat Khatm-e-Naboat Adara-Ul-Tahreer Adara-e Saadad Advanced Publishers A. H. Publishers Affa f Publishers Al Raza Publishers Al Quraish Publications Al Mashriq Publishers A. S.Publishers Adabistan Publishers Adan Publications A. N. Publishers Al-Asad Publications Al-Badar Publications Al-Bilal Publishing House Al-Hamd Publications Al-Madina Publications Al-Mezaan Publishers Book Sellers subject Competitors Iqbal Sons educational Publishers Karachi, Pakistan New Century Education Karachi, Pakistan Baitul Qalam Karachi, Pakistan Electronic ledgers of Academic Research and Reviews(EJARR Publishing) Islamabad, Pakistan Library Promotion Bureau Karachi, Pakistan World Trade Publishers Karachi, Pakistan U. S. Publishers (pvt) Ltd. Karachi, Pakistan Children Publications Karachi, Pakistan Jumbo Publishing Karachi, Pakistan 3KBioXML Publishers Pakistan Haripur,Pakistan Strengths of Competitors Our competitors have the following strengths Well established brand names. Extensive market experience. Widely available and accepted products. Strong relations with distributors. Huge chains of retail outlets. Weaknesses of Competitors Our competitors have the following weaknesses Most of them are obtaining very high profit margins. They provide less incentive for local authors. Re-publishing of material similar to the one already in the market.Low on-line presence. Most of them do not have their take in websites. Well established chain throughout Pakistan. Some competitors are also exporting books. Mahwish jam Analysis Strengths Well established relations with authors,editors and media personnel Comprehensive website Up-to-date content of book Our deputation is in itself a strength Weaknesses New brand name thus requiring massive promotion Yet to establish credibility with the target customers Initial focus which is only on the Punjab market Opportunities The emerging trends are opportunities which Knowledge Hub seeks to take advantage ofTime and Technological Advancements Time and technological advancements play a arctic role in shaping the trends ove r the passage of time. As Pakistan is also entering the digital age, traditionalistic distinctions in media become blurred. It can be seen as furthering the book culture. E-books The biggest contribution of the internet in the book industry would be to digitize books and grant them a wider readership. A number of online websites have sprung up in the endure few decades. Quite a muddle of these sites are free and others charge a very nominal fee and provide unlimited access to e-books.They can either be downloaded or read on screen. These obviously have become popular because of easy accessibility and the low cost. In Pakistan,a huge majority of people cannot afford the high-priced pilot light foreign titles. Hence,these customers can download the electronic versions at much cheapers rates. Some Urdu websites have started to offer online versions of books for foreign readers. This helps in promoting ones culture as well as to help the expatriate Pakistanis and is a viable fortu ne that Knowledge Hub can take advantage of.Online Book Stores Closely related to e-books are the online book stores, another wonder of the internet and an opportunity for Knowledge Hub. An extension of the traditional book stores, online book stores give the option to search and read reviews of books, cut back through categories, view the covers, author information, reader ratings and then order these books online. Although they are not free and even charge a shipping fee, its very convenient to search and order books online saving the hassle. Reading Clubs Reading clubs are a breath of fresh air into the dying book culture.There are a number of book clubs/reading clubs online and offline. People sit and discuss their favorite books or hardly talk about what they are reading these days. Readers Club is an exemplary example is of a Readersclub at the University of Karachi, which is moderated by a teacher who is Lecturer at the Department of the International transaction. This is also an opportunity that Knowledge Hub seeks to avail in the future. We plan of starting our own reading club in different cities throughout Pakistan to encourage the reading culture amongst the people of Pakistan.Book Fairs The first International Book Fair was held in Karachi and Lahore last year at the expo centre and it was well received by the public at tumid despite the fact that all the books were originals and were highly priced. Knowledge Hub also seeks to participate in such book fairs at both national and internationalistic level in the future. Mobile Bookshops The concept of a Mobile Bookshop was first used by the Welcome Book port some years back. Recently, Oxford started its own mobile book shop and it has been touring the city for quite some time now.Set on a truck, with the back converted into a small book shop with shelves and a counter set snugly at the end, the book shop attracted people outside unlike schools and universities. Threats Threat of New Entrants Th e threat of new entrant is always present in our industry and Knowledge Hub shall endeavor to keep track of the latest practices and customer trends and preference in order to stay ahead of our game ahead of competition. Plagiarism some other threat is the problem of plagiarism. That is, either simply copying out whole extracts or stealing the musical theme or characters.Plagiarism is an old problem and a big worry for authors who spend time and money on writing a piece of good writing and then someone else copies it and sells it at a lower cost. Then there are one-time authors who just reproduce material from some international author and make money by claiming it as their own. Incentives for Writers The government, the NGOs and the intellectuals hardly ever take the initiative to encourage young and budding writers of the country. This has resulted in most of the young authors getting their works published under foreign publishers. compensate in Reading Ha procedures There has b een a visible decline in reading habits in last few decades. This can be attributed to a number of factors like television, internet and other means of entertainment. harvesting Market system Segmentation Our initial target market for the first five years of operations includes 10623380 school/ college going children in Punjab 3,683,920 college going individuals in Punjab 3034350 individuals going to universities or acquiring diploma in Punjab Literate individuals above the age of 25 in Punjab This overall customer base has been divided into segments on the following basesStep No. 1- Geographic Segmentation As of now we are catering to the consumer base in Lahore. Step No. 2 Segmentation on the Basis of Consumer Age and Needs From within this customer base our market is further divided into the segments on the basis of the ages and needs of the different customers. Books needs of consumer start out with age and needs such as academic, literary, entertainment or information, etc. Hence we have divided our Lahore consumer base into the following segments Children below the ages of 10 for their academic, literary and entertainment needs.Children between the ages of 10 18 who seek to cater to their academic, literary/ information or entertainment needs. Individuals between the ages of 18 25 who seek to cater to their academic, literary/ information and entertainment needs and for research purposes. Individuals and professional from the ages of 25 and above for their academic, literary/ information and entertainment needs and for research purposes. Targeting Knowledge Hub is provider of books to all the mentioned segments.The reason being that the market is already filled with book publishing brands that have had their names recognized and sought after. If we chose to cater to a narrow segment, chances would have been that our brand would not have attained quick popularity in the overall Lahore Market. Hence, Knowledge Hub is catering to all these segments. W e shall target the abovementioned segments with the following products Academic books for indigenous level Academic books for secondary level Academic books for university level Illustrated books Novels Best SellersOur focus shall remain on the publishing of quality and up-to-date material. stead Knowledge Hub will position itself as provider of latest academic and research material, the best literary material and best sellers in Urdu and English by quality writers i. e. both local and international. Knowledge Hub endeavors to position itself as a provider of high quality material at affordable prices. Brand make believe Knowledge Hub represents the firm as being a provider of various different sources of knowledge, be it academic or in the form of beautiful pieces of writing to enrich our minds and groom our personalities.Marketing Mix Product Our products include Academic Books for Primary Level These further include English and Urdu language, mathematics, science, general know ledge, geography, national and international history, Islamiat, friendly studies and arts and crafts. Academic Books for Secondary Level These further include English and Urdu language, advanced mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, geography, national and international history, Islamiat, social studies, sociology, business studies and arts and crafts.Academic Books for University Level These further include books for business studies, information technology, social sciences, media studies, engineering, commerce, law, pharmacy and medicine. Illustrated Books These books include books on history, local and international cultures, wildlife, politics, etc. Novels These include prices of writing by local, national and international writers. Our focus always remains to ensure that only quality material which does in fact impart some type of knowledge or provides quality entertainment and grooming to the readers.Best Sellers This kinfolk includes the best selling stories and novels o f todays age and over the decades. E-Books All of our publications shall be available online in the form of e-books. Price High Value but Varying Purchasing Power of Consumers Books are of horrendous value to readers. Readers of the same types of book belong to drastically varying income levels. Competitors Pricing The prices that prevail in the market are not rigid. It an original book is priced high its copy is prices at very low prices. Our competitors vary in terms of their size, market shares and prices.Consequently their prices also vary. Some competitors are charging premium pricing with ugly profit margins due to attractive designing, book cover and page and printing quality. Penetration Pricing Strategy Since the purpose of the creation of Knowledge Hub is to ensure availability of knowledge to all Pakistanis who seek for it, we use keenness pricing strategy. Knowledge Hub believes that knowledge is not a product to be sell but a service to be provided to our nation so t hat we may progress in this fast paced world.Knowledge Hub has priced its products so that they are easily purchased by the masses. Knowledge Hub will use penetration strategy to penetrate in the market which is already filled with numerous providers. Knowledge Hub has made a point to publish original books at affordable prices and only attain profits capable to achieve our vision of making knowledge accessible to all. The attainment of our vision requires periodic expansions first with in Punjab then throughout the country.Since, Knowledge Hub is a sole proprietorship the profits shall be retained and reinvested in the expansion of the business. Knowledge Hub has priced its products a bit cheaper and more affordable as opposed to its competitors while maintaining high quality in terms of designing, book covers, page material and printing. We strive to position ourselves as the provider of high-quality material at reasonable prices. The prices of our products shall fall in the foll owing ranges Sr. No. Product Line Price Range (Rs).1 Academic Books for Primary Level 200 500 2 Academic Books for Secondary Level 250 800 3 Academic Books for University Level ccc 1200 4 Illustrated Books Up till 1500 5 Novels 200 1500 6 Best Sellers 300 1800 7 Primary Level Academic E- Books 150 400 8 Secondary Level E- Books 150- 650 9 University Level E- Books 200 850 10 Illustrated E- Books Up till 850 11 E- Novels 150 900 12 Best Seller E- Books 200 1000 Price Sensitivity of Customers In the Lahore market, the customers are highly price sensitive. The customers shall most volitionally opt for a provider of quality books at low prices.Distribution Strategy Our office shall be located near Urdu bazaar, Lahore. Our products shall move from us to our distributor who will supply our books to retailers and from these retailers our books shall reach our consumers. Our distribution earnings is as follows Distributors Since book stores no longer order directly from most publishers and prefer fewer vendors and speedy service. We shall enter into a contract with our distributor and allow us to reach the book trade (independent bookstores, chain bookstores, wholesalers and libraries) is with a distributor.Our Distributor will have sales reps who visit book stores and libraries, show your book catalogs and take orders. We shall use the following touch points to provide our products to the target market Book Stores Our products shall be made available in book stores throughout Lahore. Initially our books shall be available at the following book stores defence Book Store Readings Classic Book Store Ferozsons Kitabistan Liberty Books Readings The Last Word Variety Books Books pious platitude and Gift Shop Ravi Book Store Mavra Books.Libraries We shall also have our books placed in the following libraries throughout LahoreQuaid-e-Azam Library Environment Data Resource Centre (EDRC) Defence Public Library Complex Punjab Public Library Atomic Energy Minerals Centre Library Islamia College Library, Islamia College Government College Library, Government College University Lahore University of Management Sciences Library, Lahore University of Management Sciences National Library of Engineering Sciences Dyal Singh Trust Library Provincial Assembly of the Punjab Library, Lahore Peoples Bank Library, Lahore Pakistan Administrative Staff College Library, Lahore The Ewing archives Library Babar Ali Library Atchison College, Lahore Punjab University Library, Lahore Dr Baqirs Library, Lahore Gift Stores Gift stores will also be a touch point of Knowledge Hub.It is often noticed that people gift good illustrated books, novels and best sellers as gifts on various occasions. Hence placing our products in gift stores shall cause an increase in the number of sales and the popularity of our brand name.Places like Illusions will serve as an ideal place for placing our products. Gift Baskets We shall also enter into mutual agreements with gift shop owners to form gift handbaskets which will include different items to be placed in the form of a gift basket and including one of our books. An example of this can be a pen/ a diary or note pad along with a small teddy bear and a novel or best seller placed in a beautiful gift basket and covered with a net and tassels. Fiction and Poetry BooksFiction and poetry can be sold better in gift stores as opposed to book stores. Website Knowledge Hub shall maintain a comprehensive website containing electronic versions of all its books. We will use this website to display our catalogs of books and to sell those books in both paper editions and in electronic versions on-line. Customers would be able to be directed to bookstores for the paper version and they may send an order directly to us. They would also be able to unlock and access an on-line edition instantly by making a online payment. Our website viewers would also be able to opt to receive periodic catalogs of our products online via e-mail.r etail Outlet By 2014, we plan to open our own retail outlet in H englut Defence with the name of Knowledge Hub. Our outlet shall contain all of our publications. Tahira Promotion Strategy Knowledge Hub will use the following promotional techniques to promote its products Newspaper and Magazine Advertisement Knowledge Hub shall have the following print advertisement placed in the newspapers and magazines including Sunday Times, Zarnigar, Weekly Pulse,Pakistan Textile Journal Magazine ,Herald ,Defence Journal Magazine (DJ),etc. Book Promotion Knowledge Hub will use tools like book reviews, news releases and a limited amount of highly targeted direct mail advertising.Book reviews and news releases result in free (editorial) publicity while direct mail (Postal and email) delivers your sales message directly to effectiveness customers. Book Reviews Book reviews are editorial copy that is far less expensive and much more credible than blank advertising. The huge number of magazines, n ewsletters and newspapers columns that are in the market will receive review packages. These reviews will be published for the trade wholesalers and bookstores and libraries. These reviews tell the trade what is coming so they can order the books before the public reads the post-publication reviews in the popular magazines and newspapers. News ReleasesWe shall follow the review copies with news releases and articles every month to the very same magazines, newsletters and newspapers. These news releases allow opinion-molding editors know what you are doing and why your book has the information their readers need. Direct Mail denote Direct mail advertising of our catalog and books will provide us with the opportunity to get our fill out sales message to a specific potential buyer. Our mailing list for direct mails shall remain discriminating and include only our main buyers. Broadcast E-mail to Main Buyers This method will is even better than direct postal mail and eliminates print ing, stuffing and postage while getting a quick response.Knowledge Hub will assemble email addresses from customers and potential customers and alert them pertaining to our books. tuner TV Interviews Radio/TV interviews are an easy way to have the masses asking and searching for an upcoming book. Knowledge Hub shall coiffe intercommunicate and television interviews of authors hose books are about to be published with us. If the book gains popularity so do we. Radio and television talk shows need interesting guests to attract listeners and viewers. Most people feel that authors are experts and celebrities, so most of the guests booked on such shows are authors. While advertising products on the air is expensive interviews are an editorial matter. People listen to editorial matter.Interviews are more effective than advertising and they are free. Hence, they will serve as an inexpensive way to sell our books. Autograph Parties Knowledge Hub will arrange autograph parties or book si gnings in our client bookstores, both chain and independent to draw potential customers into their stores. Best Sellers Knowledge Hub will endeavor so that its books are labeled as bestsellers. This would drastically ameliorate our brand image. Book fairs Knowledge Hub will organize book fairs are where publishers traditionally show their books but there are several different kinds. There fairs will be for bookstore buyers, libraries, the general public and so on.Initially these book fairs will be local but they will be replaced with book fairs in other cities as our business expands. Specific Category Promoting From time to time Knowledge Hub shall also indulge in specific category book promotion. Where we shall promote our different products like childrens books, illustrated books, etc in schools, universities, etc. Audible Books Some of our potential customers may commute or travel a lot and hence will not have time to read our book. This constraint can be overpower by forming audible books. E-Books One of the very rapidly emerging trends in the book publishing industry is that f electronic books. Knowledge Hub shall take complete advantage of this means of reaching to the targeted audience. Public RelationsKnowledge Hub will endeavor to maintain good relations with the distributor, retailing chains,gift stores, editors who write book reviews and leading authors. Sales Promotions Knowledge Hub will provide sales promotions to retailers and libraries such as books at discount prices when purchased in huge bulks to motivate them to purchase our products and help the company penetrate into the target market. Implementation Strategy Our primary function as book publishers is to procure books and make them available for sale. Procurement of books will involve soliciting and accept marketable manuscripts, contracting with the author for selling rights, and getting them copies printed and distributed.The selling of our books will involve making contacts with ind ustry retailers and distributors, and selling directly through your own website. We shall make a percentage of each sale and pay the balance to the author. Operational Plan For works written independently of the publisher, writers shall first submit a research letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, and the majority come from previously unpublished authors. We shall accept these unsolicited manuscripts, and place it in the slush pile, which our readers will sift through to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenue potential to be referred.