Classical Music Essay

IntroductionMusic is found in exclusively(prenominal) known culture, past and gravel, varying wildly between times and places. Since all(prenominal) people of the world, including the most(prenominal) isolated tribal groups, have a contour of euphony, it may be concluded that medicinal drug is likely to have been present in the ancestral population prior to the dispersal of valet de chambres around the world. Consequently medicine may have been in existence for at least 50,000 years and the introductory medical specialty may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a essential constituent of human life. The music of the continent extremity is characterized by homophonic texture, or an obvious phone line with co-occurrence. These new melodies tended to be almost contri neverthelession-like and singable, allowing composers to very replace singers as the point of the music. Instrumental music therefore quickly replaced op verge house and opposite bi rdsong forms (such(prenominal) asoratorio) as the favorite of the musical audience and the epitome of great patch. However, opera did not disappear during the continent flowing, several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) composers began producing operas for the general prevalent in their native languages (previous operas were generally in Italian). on with the gradual displacement of the voice in favor of stronger, cle ber melodies, counterpoint withal typically became a nonfunctional flourish, often utilize near the end of a sketch or for a single movement. In its stead, simple patterns, such as arpeggios and, in piano music, Alberti bass (an accompaniment with a repeated pattern typically in the left hand), were used to liven the movement of the piece without creating a confusing assetal voice. The now- common slavish music was dominated by several well-defined forms the sonata, the symphony, and the concerto, though none of these were specifically defined or taught at the time as they are now in music theory. alone three derive from sonata form, which is both the overlying form of an entire work and the social structure of a single movement.Sonata form matured during the authoritative era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th snow. The untimely absolute arrest was ushered in by the Mannheim School, which included such composers as Johann Stamitz, Franz Xaver Richter, Carl Stamitz, andChristian Cannabich. It exerted a profound influence on Joseph Haydn and, through him, on all subsequent European music. Wolfgang Amakeus Mozart was the central figure of the Classical fulfilment, and his phenomenal and vary output in all genres defines our perception of the accomplishment. Ludwig wagon train Beethoven and Franz Schubert were transitional composers, leading into the Romantic dot, with their expansion of breathing genres, forms, and even functions of music.PERIODSMedievalWhen we query Medieval musi c, we are dealing with the longest and most distant period of musical hi horizontal surface. It includes the Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant is monophonic, meaning music that contains of only one musical line without accompaniment. Polyphony, music where two or much(prenominal) courseful lines are heard simultaneously, did not exist (or was not knotted) until the eleventh century. Unlike chant, polyphony required the participation of a composer to combine the melodic lines in a pleasing manner. rebirthIn the mid-1500s, a gravid bishop commented that music composed for the church should reflect the meaning of the words so that the attenders would be moved to piety. This concept seems like a no-brainer like a shot, besides it was a fairly new topic at the time. To suggest that Medieval composers had no desire to write expressive music would be unfair. But, it was the rediscovery of ancient untainted ideals in the Renaissance that inspired many musicians to explore the el oquent possibilities of their art. The increase value of individualism in the Renaissance is reflected by the changing region of the composer in society. Unlike most of their Medieval predecessors, the great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes. Sacred music was still predominant, though secular music became more prevalent and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music also began to expand substantially. juvenile instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal (both keyboard instruments) and many existing instruments were improved. churrigueresque (1600-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Johann Pachelbel, Antonio Vivaldi Baroque music is often highly ornate, colorful and high textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very inception of the Baroque era, around 1600. Musics ability to express human emotions and depict natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic writing became increasingly beta. Homophonic music features a clear distinction between the line of reasoning line and an subsidiary accompaniment part.The orchestra evolved during the early Baroque, starting as an accompanist for operatic and vocal music. By the mid-1600s the orchestra had a life of its own. The concerto was a favorite Baroque form that feature a aviate instrumentalist (or small corps de ballet of soloists) playing against the orchestra, creating evoke contrasts of volume and texture. Many Baroque composers were also magician performers. For example, Archangelo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque breeze lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity.Classical (1750-1820)Johann Christian Bach, Ledwig van Beethoven, Franz Joseph haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus The word Classical has strong connotations, conjuring up the art and philosophical system of Ancient Greece and Rome along with their ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. The late Baroque style was polyphonically interwoven and melodically ornate. The composers of the early Classical period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler in texture. Homophonymusic in which melody and accompaniment are distinctdominated the Classical style, and new forms of composition were developed to accommodate the transformation. Sonata form is by far the most important of these forms, and one that keep to evolve throughout the Classical period.Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was quite different. One of the most important growths of the Classical period is the growth of the public concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a probative role in musical life, it was now possible for c omposers to survive without organism the employee of one person or family. This also meant that concerts were no longer bound to palace drawing rooms. Composers started organizing concerts featuring their own music, and often attracted large audiences.The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong impact on the growth of the orchestra. Although domiciliate music and solo kit and boodle were played in the home or other intimate settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for immense public spaces. As a result, symphonic music (including opera and oratorio) became more extroverted in character. Composers gradually grow the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision.Romantic (1820-1915)Johannes Brahms, Claude Debussy, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Romanticism implies fantasy, spontaneity and sensuality. The Classical period think on structural clarity and emotional restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so resentmentate that it could overwhelm a works equilibrium. Beethoven who was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to maintain that balance. Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethovens model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose structure was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story-telling became important, and not just in opera, but in pure instrumental music as well. The tone-poem is a particularly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was only if dependent on the scene being depicted or the story being told.Color was another important feature of Romantic music. cutting instruments were added to the orchestra and composers experimented with ways to get new sounds from existing instruments. A large pallet of mu sical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In addition to seeking out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. patriotism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly vivid in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone-poems and other Classical forms.The Romantic period was the heyday of the virtuoso. Exceptionally gifted performersand particularly pianists, violinists, and singersbecame enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that women in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed an unprecedented glorification of the artistwhether musician, poet or painterthat has had a omnipotent impact on our own culture.Modern (ca, 1915-Present)Aaron Copland, George GershwinThe late Romantic period featured its own extremes sprawling symphonies and tone-poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch concurrence and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to view some early twentieth century music as an extension of the late Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be understand as a reaction against that style. 20th century music is a series of isms and neo-isms. The primal energy of Stravinskys Rite of Spring has been called neo-Primitivism. The intensely emotional tone of Schnbergs early music has been labeled Expressionism. The echo to clearly structured forms and textures has been dubbed neo-Classicism.These terms have been employed in an move to organize the diversity of styles running through the 20th century. Nationalism continued to be a strong musical in fluence in the first half of the century. The ingest of folk songs enriched the music of numerous composers, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland (USA). Jazz and popular musical styles have also been tremendously important on mere composers from both the United States and Europe. Technology has played a increasingly important role in the development of 20th century music. Composers have used recording tape as a compositional tool (such as Steve Reichs Violin Phase). Electronically generated sounds have been used both on their own and in combination with traditionalinstruments. to a greater extent recently, computer technology has been used in a variety of ways, including manipulating the execution of instruments in real time.CharacteristicsGiven the extremely broad variety of forms, styles, genres, and historic periods generally perceived as being described by the term continent music, it is difficult to list feature films that can be attributed to all kit and caboodle of that type. Vague descriptions are plentiful, such as describing untainted music as anything that lasts a long time, a statement made rather regard when one considers contemporary composers who are described as classical or music that has certain instruments like violins, which are also found in other genres. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain.LiteratureThe most outstanding characteristic of classical music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the mingled parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has, in addition to preserving the works, enabled a high level of complexness within them Bachs fugues, for instance, ac hieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent concordant logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation.instrumentationThe instruments used in most classical music were largely invented to begin with the mid-19th century (often much earlier), and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra, together with a few other solo instruments (such as thepiano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music. The orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families. Electric instruments such as the electric guitar appear on occasion in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or compu ter-generated sounds, and the sounds of instruments from other cultures such as thegamelan.None of the bass instruments existed until the Renaissance. In Medieval music, instruments are divided in two categories loud instruments for use outdoors or in church, and quieter instruments for indoor use. The Baroque orchestra consisted of flutes, oboes, horns and violins, occasionally with trumpets and timpani. Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments.On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries. While fit disposition became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament. Keyboards almost all share a common layout (often called the piano keyboard).FormWhereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music11 these include the concerto, symphony, sonata, suite, tude, symphonic poem, and others. Classical composers often aspire to imbue their music with a very complex relationship between its affective (emotional) content and the intellectual means by which it is achieved. Many of the most esteemed works of classical music withstand use of musical development, the process by which a musical idea or motif is repeated in different contexts or in altered form. The sonata form andfugue employ rigorous forms of musical development. The other noteworthy form in classical music is opera.Technical executionAlong with a desire for composers to attain high expert achievement in writing their music, performers o f classical music are faced with similar goals of technical mastery, as demonstrated by the proportionately high amount of shoal and private study most successful classical musicians have had when compared to popular genre musicians, and the large number of secondary schools, including conservatories, dedicated to the study of classical music. The only other genre in the Western world with same secondary education opportunities is jazz.ComplexityProfessional performance of classical music repertoire demands a significant level of proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, thorough savvy of tonal and harmonic principles, knowledge of performance practice, and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom inherent to a given period, composer or musical work are among the most essential of skills for the classically develop musician.Works of classical repertoire often exhibit artistic complexity through the use of counterpoint, thematic development, phrasing, harmonization, mo dulation (change of key), texture, and, of course,musical form itself. Larger-scale compositional forms (such as that of the symphony, concerto, opera or oratorio, for example) usually represent a hierarchy of small units consisting of phrases,periods, sections, and movements. Musical analysis of a composition aims at achieving greater understanding of it, leading to more meaningful hearing and a greater clutch of the composers style. SocietyClassical music regularly features as primer coat music for movies, television programmes, advertisements and events. Nessun dorma from Giacomo Puccinis opera Turandot for example was the theme tune for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.Relation to EducationThroughout history, parents have often made sure that their children receive classical music training from a late age.Some parents pursue music lessons for their children for social reasons or in an effort to transfuse a sense of self-discipline. Some believe that knowledge of important works of cla ssical music is part of a good general education. During the 1990s, several research papers and popular countersigns wrote on what came to be called theMozart effect an ascertained temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozarts works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students IQ by 8 to 9 points This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by a New York Times music columnist researchers have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter.Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music all day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. In 19961997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the reddened Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively upgrade achievement scores.Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the florid Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. OConnell of the Univer sity of North Carolina at Greensboro etc.) and others who has significant results through the discourse of their work.SUMMARYPersonally, I listen to classical music and this is my topic for my ongoing thesis, listening to classical music somehow brings you back to old times, helps me to appreciate art and improves my cognition.Classical music is a music that never gets old, a gift that we, the new generation must take care of.